How to Punch Harder: The Physics and Biomechanical Drills To Make You A Knockout Artist

I was a Pennsylvania Golden Glove winner (2011 201+ lbs), national amateur champion (2011 National PAL 201+ lbs), and I’m still an active boxer at 41 with a 14-1-1 record. I also have a degree in physics from Duquesne University.

This combination of experience and education has given me unique insight into the physics and biomechanics of punching.

This article will teach you how to make your punches hard, faster, and more powerful, along with giving you exercises that aren’t commonly taught to fighters to increase their punching ability.

I have never believed in the old boxing adage that “punchers are born.”

Once a fighter or coach understands the biomechanical principles that cause the body to generate force, he will no longer believe either. If you’re a boxer or coach reading this essay and have further questions, feel free to email me at ed@edlatimore.com.

How to Punch Harder: The Physics and Biomechanical Drills To Make You A Knockout Artist

If you want to end a fight with a single blow, you might think the secret lies in the size of your biceps or the circumference of your chest. That idea has sparked one of the biggest debates in the boxing community.

On the one there are coaches who think it has no place in boxing training. These coaches and fighters believe punching power is either completely innate and can’t be trained, or they think that lifting weights is counterproductive to boxing ability.

At the other end of the spectrum, there are guys who spend more time training like a powerlifter than a fighter. As with most things, the truth is somewhere in the middle. These guys imagine that by curling heavy hand weights or a dumbbell, they’ll eventually develop the knockout power of a Moses Iatuma or David Benevidez.

The reality is that while the truth lies somewhere in the middle, it leans a little closer to no weights than some at all—especially for developing knockout power.

We’ve all witnessed the following. There are lean, whip-thin lightweights hitting the heavy bag with a crack that sounds like a gunshot, while muscular guys who look like they never miss a day pumping iron hit the bag with as much pop as a pillow.

It’s got nothing to do with muscle mass or muscular strength. Rather, it’s biomechanical mastery that comes from precision, technique, and coordination.

The ability to land a hard punch is the result of biomechanical physics rather than raw muscularity.

This guide is your roadmap to transforming from a fighter who pushes their punches into a knockout artist who pierces through targets, offering essential boxing tips and boxing training advice for every skill level.

The advice in the article also applies to MMA, kickboxing, traditional martial arts, bare-knuckle boxing, or any other combat sport where punching is allowed.

The Myth of Arm Strength: Where Real Power Is Born

First, let’s address a common misconception that exists from the amateur ranks all the way up to the pros: that a punch is an arm movement.

Your arms don’t generate the force—they transmit it into the target.

A useful analogy is a gun.

Your arm is the bullet. Your body is the gun.

It doesn’t matter how fast the bullet could move—without the explosive force of the gun behind it, it won’t do much damage.

This is where a key concept from physics and biomechanics comes in: effective mass.

Research in boxing biomechanics shows that increasing whole-body involvement increases effective mass and impact force, not just fist speed (Smith & Hamill, 1986; Walilko et al., 2005; Cheraghi et al., 2014).

When you punch, the force delivered isn’t just about how fast your fist is moving. It’s about how much of your body mass is actually behind that fist at the moment of impact.

In physics terms, impact depends on the product of mass and velocity (momentum). But in a punch, not all of your body mass is contributing—only the portion that is properly aligned and moving together at impact. That’s your effective mass.

If you punch with just your arm, your effective mass is low. You’re essentially hitting someone with the weight of your arm and a bit of your shoulder.

But when you punch correctly—driving from the ground, rotating through the hips, transferring through the torso—you bring a much larger portion of your body into the strike.

Now your effective mass isn’t just your arm. It’s your arm, your torso, and the momentum of your entire body moving forward.

That’s the difference between a punch that feels like a slap and one that feels “heavy.” Whether you’re throwing a straight punch or a hook, putting your body behind the shot is the proper punching technique.

Two fighters can throw punches at the same speed, but the one who connects with more effective mass will hit significantly harder.

This is also why balance and structure matter so much. If your body isn’t aligned at impact—if energy leaks through a loose wrist, a disconnected shoulder, or poor foot positioning—you lose effective mass. The force never fully transfers.

So when people talk about “putting your body into the punch,” what they’re really talking about is maximizing effective mass.

Now, consider what happens if you rely only on your arms.

You’re limited to the relatively small muscle groups of the triceps and shoulders. These muscles are excellent for speed and quick strikes, but they don’t carry much mass, and they can’t generate the kind of force needed for true knockout power.

They’re also limited in their ability to create meaningful rotation, which is a major driver of force.

But before we get to rotation, we have to address the real source of power:

The legs.

Power from the ground up

Real power is born in the legs. Think of your arms not as the engine of the punch, but as the delivery system—the “spearhead” at the end of a long, heavy shaft. To hit like a heavyweight, you must stop trying to hit with your hands and start hitting with your whole body strength and weight.

What most people don’t realize is that the arm is actually the smallest contributor to punching force.

In biomechanical studies of elite boxers, arm extension accounts for only about 25% of total punch force. The majority comes from trunk rotation and leg push-off (Filimonov et al., 1985; Cheraghi et al., 2014).

In other words, the punch doesn’t start at your shoulder—it starts at your feet.

Here’s a quick test:

Stand in your stance and throw a right hand using only your arm. Then throw another one, but this time focus on pushing off your back foot and turning your hip.

The second punch will feel heavier—not because your arm got stronger, but because your body weight actually made it into the strike.

That difference is the kinetic chain in action. This is the same motion that a quarterback uses when throwing the football and a pitcher uses in baseball.

This sequential transfer of force from the lower to the upper body is well documented in striking and throwing sports (Putnam, 1993; Lenetsky et al., 2013).

When you see pro boxers like Mike Tyson score a devastating knockout, they don’t just throw punches; they are launching their body’s mass into a focused point, using the arm merely as the conduit.

Understanding the Kinetic Chain: A Lesson in Physics

To master power, you must understand the “Kinetic Chain.”

In boxing, the kinetic chain is the coordinated sequence of muscle activations that transfers energy from the floor through your body and out through your knuckles.

The Ground-Up Connection

Everything starts with the floor. Newton’s Third Law tells us that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. When you push against the ground, the ground pushes back.

Ground reaction forces generated through the legs are a primary driver of punching force and momentum transfer (Stewart et al., 2025; Cheraghi et al., 2014).

This “ground reactionary force” is the raw fuel for your punch. If your feet are flat or your legs are straight, the energy dies before it even reaches your waist. You must maintain a slight bend in the knees, acting like coiled springs ready to unload.

This isn’t just theory—it shows up clearly when you break down real punches.

Elite fighters initiate movement from the ankle first, then the knee, then the hips, and only then do the arms extend. This sequencing allows energy to build and transfer through the body like a whip rather than leaking out early.

The Role of Core Rotation

If the legs are the engine, the core is the transmission.

Your abdominal muscles, obliques, and lower back transfer the energy from your legs to your upper body.

Without a strong, rigid core, the energy “leaks” out of your midsection like water through a cracked pipe. By violently rotating your torso, you multiply punching speed and the energy traveling up the chain, whipping your shoulders and accelerating the punch to its terminal velocity.

Every break in that chain is a “power leak.”

If your hips rotate late, if your core is loose, or if your arm fires too early, the energy never reaches your fist. It dissipates before impact.

That’s why some punches look fast but feel light—and others feel like they go through you.

People often talk of rotating their hips, but the reality is that you want your hips to shift and your core to be the majority of the rotation. This way, your arm and fist land with the effective mass of your body behind it, but while being grounded and balanced to benefit from the ground-reaction forces of your foot.

The Fundamentals: Perfecting Your Form for Maximum Impact

Before you touch a heavy bag, you must respect the mechanics of the punch and proper training techniques to achieve maximum power.

Without proper form, you are not only losing power but also risking injury to your wrists and shoulders.

The Power Stance: Stability Meets Agility

Your stance is your foundation.

Your feet should be slightly wider than shoulder-width apart, with your lead foot pointing toward your opponent and your back foot at a 45-degree angle.

This staggered position allows you to shift your weight forward and backward without losing balance. If your feet are too close together, you’ll tip over; if they are too wide, you’ll be rooted to the spot. Balance is the prerequisite for power.

The Pivot: Unleashing the Hips

The pivot is the “secret sauce” of a knockout artist.

When throwing a right cross, hooks, uppercuts, or even power jabs, your back foot (for the cross) or lead foot (for the hook) must rotate as if you are crushing a cigarette butt on the floor. This motion turns your hip into the punch.

By the time your fist lands, your hips should have rotated nearly 90 degrees. This ensures that the weight of your entire lower body is behind the strike.

You see this exact motion in baseball, football, javelin, and discus. Any sport that involves throwing objects with speed and power will have the same motion.

The only reason people don’t tend to make this connection is that boxing requires you to always be in a position to punch and defend, so the power motion is less obvious, but it is all the same.

The only difference is that instead of a ball, a disk, or a javelin, you’re throwing your fist instead. In fact, fighters can dramatically increase their power punching mechanics by studying these sports.

The Snap: Speed and Relaxation

A common mistake is staying tense throughout the punch.

Tension is not only the enemy of speed, but also the nemesis of power. To demonstrate why, let’s look at how a whip works.

The reason a whip can do so much damage, despite being so light and pliable, is that most of the swing is loose. It’s not just the final moment of impact that it becomes a rigid object, and it only becomes that way for a split second while making impact.

The same principle is at play with a wet towel that’s being flicked, and then at the final moment, there’s a sudden decleration that turns it into a rigid object that’s capable of transmitting force and doing damage.

A punch starts in a compliant state—loose, fluid, and able to accelerate. It only becomes rigid at the last possible moment, when that motion is converted into force.

You should remain “relaxed-heavy”—loose enough to move quickly, but solid enough to hold your structure. The punch should be a “snap”: a relaxed arm that suddenly hardens into a rock-solid fist at the exact moment of impact.

There’s also a subtle movement happening that most people never notice: a slight pre-load before the punch fires. High-level boxers briefly flex their joints—especially the elbow—before snapping into extension.

This uses what’s called the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC)—a well-established mechanism that enhances force output following rapid pre-stretch of muscle (Komi, 2000; Cheraghi et al., 2014). The SSC is a reflex that allows muscles to produce more force after a quick pre-stretch.

That tiny “dip” or coil isn’t wasted motion—it’s what turns a fast punch into an explosive one.

This is also why timing matters more than effort.

A perfectly timed punch—where the legs, hips, and arm all arrive together—will always hit harder than a mistimed punch thrown with more effort.

Power isn’t just about how much force you produce. It’s about when you deliver it.

Essential Boxing Drills to Increase Punching Force

Now that the mechanics are set, you need to bake these movements into your muscle memory.

Use these drills as part of your boxing workout to turn theoretical knowledge into physical reality and increase your punching strength.

1. Heavy Bag ‘Power Singles’

Most beginners approach the heavy bag by throwing endless, pitty-pat combinations.

To build power, you must treat the bag differently.

Stand in your stance and throw one single punch—a cross or a lead hook—at the punching bag with 100% focus on form and rotation.

Reset completely between every strike. Your goal is to move the bag, not just hit the surface. Imagine you are punching through the bag to a point six inches behind it.

I always imagined that I was trying to hit something behind the bag. The bag just happened to be in the way and I need to punch through it.

2. Shadowboxing with Resistance Bands

The pro-weightlifting camp would have a much stronger argument if it focused more on variable resistance rather than just heavy loading.

Conventional weights use fixed resistance.

That means the load doesn’t change throughout the movement—50 pounds is 50 pounds at the bottom, the middle, and the top.

But your body doesn’t produce force evenly through a lift. Strength changes across the range of motion due to joint angles, leverage, and muscle length. There are positions where you’re mechanically weaker, and others where you’re stronger.

This creates two problems.

First, a general lifting issue:

In most exercises, the weight you can use is limited by your weakest position, not your strongest one. That’s why the hardest part of a bench press is usually near the bottom—your shoulders are in a disadvantaged position, even though your chest and triceps could handle more load later in the lift.

This mismatch is also where injuries tend to happen. It’s not that small muscles are always recruited first—that’s not how the nervous system works—but rather that certain joints and positions are more vulnerable under load. If the weight exceeds what you can safely control in that weakest range, something takes the stress.

Second, a problem specific to boxing:

Fixed weights encourage continuous tension throughout the movement. But punching isn’t a slow grind under tension—it’s a rapid acceleration followed by a brief, well-timed contraction at impact.

If you train with constant resistance—especially with hand weights—you risk teaching your body to stay tense throughout the workout. That works against the rhythm of a punch, which depends on staying loose to build speed, then tightening only at the last instant.

That’s where resistance bands come in.

Bands provide variable resistance.

At the start of the movement, there’s very little tension. As you extend, the resistance increases.

This better matches the mechanics of a punch.

You can accelerate freely early in the movement—staying relaxed and fast—then encounter increasing resistance as you approach full extension. That forces you to stabilize and contract at the end, reinforcing the “snap” of the punch without slowing it down at the start.

In other words:

Bands let you train the exact pattern you want—loose during acceleration, tight at impact.

The best exercise for this is to wrap a long resistance band around your back and hold the ends in your hands.

Perform your shadowboxing routine against the tension. The bands provide the most resistance at the end of the punch, acting as a form of resistance training that forces your muscles to accelerate through the entire range of motion.

This trains your body to avoid “slowing down” before impact, a common bad habit.

3. The Double-End Bag for Precision and Timing

Power is useless if it misses.

The speed bag builds rhythm, endurance, and basic cardio, but it doesn’t demand precision in the face of uncertainty. The double-end bag is different—it introduces unpredictable movement, which forces your nervous system to solve a much harder problem: when and how to apply force.

This is where “counter-power” comes in.

When you let the bag move and then strike as it comes toward you, you’re not just practicing timing—you’re training your brain and body to coordinate force production under dynamic conditions.

From a scientific standpoint, this develops three key qualities:

1. Perception–action coupling

Your brain is constantly linking what you see to how you move. The double-end bag sharpens this link.

Instead of throwing pre-planned punches, you’re reacting to a moving target.

Your visual system tracks the bag’s speed and direction, and your motor system adjusts in real time.

Over repeated reps, this tightens the loop between perception and action, so you can time your punch to arrive exactly when the target is in range.

This is why fighters who hit moving targets well seem “effortless”—they’re not guessing. Their nervous system has learned the timing.

2. Rate of force development (RFD) under constraint

Effective power isn’t just how much force you can produce. It’s also about how quickly you can produce it. Improvements in rate of force development are strongly linked to explosive performance in sport (Aagaard et al., 2002; Cormie et al., 2011).

When the double-end bag is moving toward you, the window to land a clean shot is small, so you’re forced to generate force quickly and precisely. This trains your rate of force development in a way that static drills can’t.

Even more important: you’re learning to produce that force at the exact moment it matters, improving your timing. Not too early and not too late.

3. Effective impact through relative velocity

When you meet the bag as it’s coming toward you, you increase the relative velocity between your fist and the target.

Here’s another way to look at this:

If you punch a stationary object, all the speed comes from you. If the object is moving toward you, the speeds combine, increasing the effective impact due to higher relative velocity and momentum exchange (Walilko et al., 2005).

That increases the effective impact without requiring you to swing harder. But you only get that benefit if your timing is right—too early or too late, and the effect is lost.

The double-end bag allows you to get your nervous system comfortable striking targets that are not just moving erratically, but also moving towards you, bridging the gap between bag work and live sparring. This mimics the conditions of a fight and gets your nervous system comfortable unleashing power in a variety of situations.

This is why counter-punchers often look like they hit harder than they “should.” They’re not necessarily stronger—they’re better at colliding with incoming force.

So what this drill really does is teach your nervous system to:

• Stay relaxed until the right moment
• Recognize when that moment is
• Deliver force rapidly and precisely into a moving target

That’s the difference between having power and being able to use it.

Effective punching power isn’t just force—it’s force applied at the right place, at the right time, under the right conditions.

The double-end bag is one of the few tools that trains all three at once.

4. Wall Sprints and Explosive Footwork

Power doesn’t start in your hands—it starts with how well you use the ground.

When you punch, you’re not just extending your arm. You’re pushing into the floor and using that force to drive your body forward. The faster you can generate and redirect that force, the more of your body weight you carry into the punch.

That’s exactly what the wall high-knee drill trains.

Find a wall and place your hands against it at shoulder height. Lean slightly forward so your body forms a straight line from head to heel. From there, drive your knees up rapidly while striking the ground with the balls of your feet as fast as possible for 15–20 seconds of high-intensity effort.

The key is intent: every contact with the ground should be sharp, fast, and forceful—like you’re trying to push the ground away, not just tap it.

If you’ve done sprint training, this should feel familiar. It’s essentially a sprint drill in place.

And that’s not a coincidence.

Sprinting and punching both depend on the same underlying mechanics, particularly the ability to generate high force in short ground contact times (Weyand et al., 2000; Morin et al., 2012).:

1. Horizontal force production

In sprinting, you don’t just push down—you push back into the ground to move forward. The forward lean in the wall drill teaches this exact angle of force application.

Punching works the same way. When you step into a punch, you’re driving your body forward off the ground. The better you are at producing horizontal force, the more momentum you carry into the strike.

2. Short ground contact times

Elite sprinters don’t spend long on the ground. They apply a large amount of force in a very short time.

That’s the rate of force development. The wall drill trains your ability to hit the ground and rebound instantly—no sinking, no delay. This carries over directly to punching, where you have only a split second to generate force before impact.

3. Elastic “spring” in the lower leg

In sprinting, the ankle, calf, and Achilles tendon act like a stiff spring. They store and release energy with each step.

The wall drill builds that same stiffness. Instead of absorbing force and losing it, your lower body becomes more reactive—returning energy quickly and efficiently. That’s what gives you that explosive “pop” when you step into a punch.

So what does this mean for your punching power?

When you step in to throw:

• Your foot strikes the ground
• You rapidly generate force and redirect it forward
• That force travels up through your legs and hips
• Your body weight accelerates into the punch

If your lower body is slow or collapses on contact, that chain breaks early.

But if you’ve trained it like a sprinter—fast, reactive, and directional—you turn your entire body into a projectile behind your punch.

The wall drill teaches you to apply force like a sprinter—fast, elastic, and forward. That’s what allows you to close distance explosively and carry real weight into your punches.

Strength and Conditioning for Knockout Power

Traditional strength training and bodybuilding—slow, controlled reps designed to build muscle—have limited carryover to punching power.

Not because strength doesn’t matter, but because it’s only one part of the equation.

At the most basic level:

F=ma

Force depends on how much mass you move and how quickly you accelerate it.

In punching, your mass is mostly fixed. You’re not gaining 50 pounds overnight. So once you’ve built a solid strength base, the only way to increase force is to improve acceleration.

Now layer in power:

Power is how quickly you apply that force. That’s what separates a hard punch from a knockout punch.

Two fighters can be equally strong, but the one who can generate force faster and transfer it cleanly through the body will hit harder.

That’s why you need ballistic training—exercises that force you to move explosively, not grind slowly. Explosive and plyometric training have been shown to improve power output and movement velocity (Newton & Kraemer, 1994; Cormie et al., 2011).

Because once you’re strong enough, the limiting factor becomes:

How fast can you turn that strength on—and how well can you transfer it?

Beyond a certain threshold, improvements in performance depend more on the rate of force development than maximal strength (Aagaard et al., 2002; Cormie et al., 2011).

1. Medicine Ball Rotational Throws

Stand perpendicular to a wall, holding a 10–15 lb medicine ball. Rotate your hips and torso and hurl the ball into the wall as hard as possible, like throwing a hook.

This is one of the best exercises for developing rotational power and sequencing.

Punching isn’t just linear—it’s rotational. Power starts in the ground, moves through the hips, transfers through the torso, and finishes in the arm. If that sequence is off, you leak energy.

Medicine ball throws train your body to:

• Generate force from the ground up
• Accelerate through rotation
• Transfer energy across the kinetic chain

You’re not just building strength—you’re training your body to link everything together at high speed.

2. Plyometric Push-Ups

Perform explosive push-ups where your hands leave the ground (clap if you can).

This develops the rate of force development (RFD) in the upper body.

It’s not just about how strong your chest and triceps are—it’s about how quickly they can contract.

Plyometrics trains your nervous system to:

• Recruit high-threshold motor units (fast-twitch fibers)
• Produce force rapidly instead of gradually
• Transition from relaxed → explosive contraction instantly

That’s the “snap” at the end of a punch.

Slow push-ups build muscle.
Explosive push-ups build speed of contraction.

3. The Landmine Press

With one end of a barbell anchored, press the other end forward and upward from a boxing stance while pivoting your rear foot.

This is where things get highly specific.

The landmine press trains:

• Force direction (forward, not just vertical)
• Lower-to-upper body coordination
• Rotational and linear force combined

Unlike traditional pressing, this movement allows you to apply force in the same direction as a punch while integrating your hips and feet.

It reinforces the idea that punching power doesn’t come from the arm alone—it comes from the entire body moving as one unit.

4. Kettlebell Swings (Posterior Chain Power)

The glutes and hamstrings are the engines of explosive movement, though upper-body stability from exercises like pull-ups also plays a supporting role.

Kettlebell swings train the hip hinge, a critical component for generating forward momentum. Every time you step into a punch, your hips drive your body forward.

Swings develop:

• Explosive hip extension
• Posterior chain strength (glutes, hamstrings, lower back)
• The ability to project your center of mass forward

They also reinforce a critical concept:
You’re not just hitting with your arm—you’re throwing your body weight into the punch.

A strong posterior chain ensures that when you plant and fire, your base is stable and your force doesn’t collapse.

How does all of this contribute to punching power

Each of these exercises targets a different piece of the same system:

• Medicine ball throws → rotational acceleration and sequencing
• Plyometric push-ups → upper-body rate of force development
• Landmine press → directional force and full-body coordination
• Kettlebell swings → lower-body power and force generation

Together, they train the three real drivers of punching power:

• Acceleration (how fast you can generate force)
• Velocity (how fast your body and fist are moving)
• Sequencing (how efficiently force travels through your body)

Because at a certain point, more strength doesn’t matter.

What matters is how fast you can use it—and how cleanly you can deliver it.

That’s what turns strength into knockout power.

Why Some People Naturally Hit Harder

You’ve probably seen it before—two fighters the same size, but one hits noticeably harder.

It’s not just strength. It’s coordination.

Studies comparing different types of fighters show that “knockout artists” don’t necessarily use more arm—they use more leg drive and full-body coordination. Their punches involve a greater contribution from the lower body, allowing them to transfer more of their bodyweight into the strike.

This is why punching power feels like a mystery. It’s not about how hard you try—it’s about how efficiently your body works together.

This also explains why muscular guys often hit softer than they look.

They have strength, but they don’t know how to sequence it. Their arms fire first, their hips come late, and their legs barely contribute.

So instead of transferring force, they’re generating it in isolated pieces—and losing most of it before impact.

Common Mistakes That Drain Your Power

Even the strongest athletes can be “weak” punchers if they fall into these common traps.

Pushing Your Punches

Many people try to “push” their fist through the target, keeping their arm extended for too long. This is slow and drains power. Think of your punch like a whip or a piston. It should go out fast and come back even faster. If you “push,” you are essentially leaning on your opponent, which makes you vulnerable to counters.

There’s another problem with pushing your punches: you can’t get them back.

A punch that lingers is a punch that gets you hit. The faster your hand returns, the faster your defense resets.

Great punchers don’t just throw fast—they recover fast.

Leaning Too Far Forward

In an attempt to get more “reach” or power, beginners often lean their chest over their lead knee.

This kills your power because it takes the weight off your back foot, breaking the kinetic chain. It also puts you off balance. Keep your spine centered.

Power comes from rotation, not from falling forward.

Clenching Your Fists Too Early

If you squeeze your fist tight while the punch is still traveling, your forearm muscles tighten, which acts like a brake on your hand speed.

Keep your hand relaxed and open inside your boxing gloves until a fraction of a second before impact. At that moment, squeeze your fist as hard as possible. This “impact clench” creates the shockwave necessary for a knockout.

If you remember nothing else, remember this:

Punching power = Leg drive + rotation + timing

Miss one of those, and the punch loses its edge.

Get all three working together, and even a light punch starts to feel heavy.

Your Roadmap to a Heavier Hand

Increasing your punching power isn’t about trying harder—it’s about moving better.

The hardest punchers aren’t the strongest guys in the room. They’re the ones who can coordinate their legs, hips, and upper body into a single, fluid motion. They use the ground, transfer energy through their core, and release it at the exact right moment.

Punching power isn’t a strength problem—it’s a coordination problem. Coordinated sequencing of body segments is a key determinant of force production in complex athletic movements (Bernstein, 1967; Zatsiorsky & Kraemer, 2006).

Master the sequence. Master the timing.

And when everything fires at once, that’s when your punches stop feeling like effort and start transmitting more energy in a shorter amount of time.

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